| Online Report | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Author Surname, year of publication) | (National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, 2019) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Author Surname, year of publication, page number you took the quote from) | (National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls, 2019, p. 111) |
| Reference list entry |
Author Surname, First Initial. (Year of publication). Title (Report number if available). Publisher. URL |
National Inquiry into Missing and Murdered Indigenous Women and Girls. (2019). Reclaiming power and place. The final report of the national inquiry into missing and murdered indigenous women and girls. The National Inquiry. https://www.mmiwg-ffada.ca/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/Final_Report_Vol_1a-1.pdf |
| Online Report from a Government Agency | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Name of Government Agency, year of publication) | (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2017) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Name of Government Agency, year of publication, page number you took the quote from) | (Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 2017, p. 7) |
| Reference list entry |
Name of Government Agency. (Year of publication). Title (Report number if available). Government Body. URL |
Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada. (2017). 2017-2020 Departmental sustainable development strategy (Catalogue No. A1-31E-PDF). Government of Canada. https://www.agr.gc.ca/resources/prod/doc/pdf/dsds_2017-2020-eng.pdf |
Personal communications are sources of information that you have received but are not accessible to others. Examples of personal communications include emails, texts, online chat messages, direct messages in an app, personal interviews, phone conversations, live speeches, unrecorded lectures, letters, private online group messages, etc.
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation | (First initial. Second initial. Surname, personal communication, Month day, year). | Many students had difficulty with APA style in writing classes (A.P. Smith, personal communication, November 3, 2015). |
| Reference list entry |
Not required for personal communication |
Not required for personal communication |
PLEASE NOTE
If you are citing information from generative AI, it is recommended to treat it like a personal communication since the output is not consistently reproducible.
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation | (Name of generative AI program, personal communication, Month day, year). | Our group asked ChatGPT for its top study tips, and the number one recommendation it gave was to "set clear goals" (ChatGPT, personal communication, August 25, 2023). |
| Reference list entry |
Not required for personal communication |
Not required for personal communication |
Always check with your instructor before using generative AI in your coursework.
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Organization Name, year of publication) | (International Organization for Standardization, 2015) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Organization Name, year of publication, page number you took the quote from) | (International Organization for Standardization, 2015, p. 22) |
| Reference list entry |
Organization Name. (Year of publication). Title of Standard or Code (standard number). URL |
International Organization for Standardization. 2015. Quality management systems - requirements (ISO Standard 9001). https://www.iso.org/standard/62085.html |
| Recorded Traditional Knowledge | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation | Use the format appropriate for publication type. | (Author Surname, year of publication, page number/paragraph number/timestamp if applicable) |
| Reference list entry |
Use the format appropriate for the publication type (e.g. book, video recording, article, etc.). |
Use the format appropriate for the publication type. |
*Evaluate recorded Traditional Knowledge to ensure that the information about Indigenous Peoples is accurate and appropriate to share. Ensure you have permission to share the work you are including if necessary.
| Oral Traditional Knowledge | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation | Provide as much detail as necessary in parentheses, such as speaker's full name, nation, location, date. Also include personal communication. | (Speaker's full name, nation, location, personal communication, date) |
| Reference list entry |
Not required for personal communication |
Not required for personal communication |
For more information about citing Oral Traditional Knowledge consult the official APA Style Blog.
| Google Maps* | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation | (Company name, year*) | (Google, n.d.) |
| Reference list entry |
Company name. (Year of publication). [Description of the map]. Retrieval date, from URL |
Google. (n.d.) [Driving directions from Calgary AB, to Edmonton AB]. Retrieved July 18, 2020, from https://goo.gl/maps/S6KVrFnSa6C2 |
*Year: Google Map directions and map overviews are created on demand so they do not have a publication date. Use n.d. for "no date" instead. For Street View and other outputs such as satellite imagery, check the bottom of the screen and use the date listed (if applicable).
*Note: This template was outlined in the APA Style Blog's 6th edition archive as a way to create a reference for a source type not covered in the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. This template is not contained within official APA Style and will not be found in the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition.
| Maps found within a source (e.g. in a book, on a website, etc.) | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation | Use the format for images. | Use the format for images. |
| Reference list entry |
Use the format for images. |
Use the format for images. |
For more information about citing maps found within a source, consult the official APA Style Blog.
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation* | (Data set name, year of publication) | (Black Hills National Forest Database, 2008) |
| Reference list entry* |
Data set name (Year published) [source type]. Producer name, producer contact information. Resource URL: [Date accessed]. |
Black Hills National Forest Database (2008) [downloaded file]. Black Hills National Forest, Custer, SD. URL: https://www.fs.usda.gov/main/blackhills/landmanagement/gis [August, 2010]. |
*Note: The reference list template and example was taken from page 18 of Price, M. H. (2014). Mastering ArcGIS (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. The in-text citation template and example was created by the SAIT Library to address the need for guidance on citing sources that are unique to SAIT. These templates are not contained within official APA Style and will not be found in the official Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, Seventh Edition.
For more information about citing data and/or maps, see the advice of the ACMLA Recommended Best Practices in Citation of Cartographic Materials document produced by the Association of Canadian Map Libraries and Archives.
| Scenario | Solution | In-text citation example | Reference list entry example |
|---|---|---|---|
| Two authors |
In-text: List both authors. Reference list: List both authors. |
(Gray & Tracy, 2016) |
Gray, T. & Tracy, D. (2016). Implementing a trauma informed framework in a disability non-government organization. Centre for Educational Research, School of Education, Western Sydney University. https://researchdirect.westernsydney.edu.au/islandora/object/uws:38121 |
| Three to twenty authors |
In-text: List the first author and then et al. Reference list: List all of the authors, up to and including a maximum of 20 authors. |
(Goering, et al. 2014) |
Goering, P., Veldhuzian, S., Watson, A., Carol, A., Kopp, B., Latimer, E., Nelson, G., MacNoughton, E., Streiner, D., & Aubrey, T. (2014). National at Home/Chez soi Final report. Mental Health Commission of Canada. https://www.mentalhealthcommission.ca/sites/default/files/mhcc_at_home_report_national_cross-site_eng_2_0.pdf |
| An organization, government agency, or company is the author |
In-text: List the full name of the organization, government agency, or company as the author. Reference list: List the full name of the organization, government agency, or company as the author. |
(Status of Women Canada, 2018) |
Status of Women Canada. (2018). Women in Canada: A gender based statistical report. Government of Canada. https://cfc-swc.gc.ca/abu-ans/wwad-cqnf/stat/wic-fac-2015/index-en.html |
| Multiple sources with the same author and date |
In-text: Include a lower case letter after the year of publication. Reference List: List the sources with the same author and date alphabetically by title. Make sure your reference list entry and in-text citation letters match when you are done.
|
(Government of Canada, 2020a) (Government of Canada, 2020b) |
Government of Canada. (2020a). Environment and natural resources. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment.html Government of Canada. (2020b). Policing, justice, and emergencies. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/policing.html |
| Author is same as publisher |
In-text: not applicable Reference list: Omit the publisher name |
(Government of Canada, 2020) | Government of Canada. (2020). Environment and natural resources. https://www.canada.ca/en/services/environment.html |
| No date |
In-text: Use n.d. in place of date. Reference list: Use n.d. in place of date. |
Follow the format for your source type. | Follow the format for your source type. |
Is your scenario not covered in this table? Try consulting the official APA Style Blog's detailed information about elements of reference list entries and missing reference information or ask your liaison for help.