| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Author Surname, year of publication) | (St. Denis, 2007) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Author Surname, year of publication, page number you took the quote from) | (St. Denis, 2007, p. 1071) |
| Reference list entry |
Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of article: Subtitle. Journal Name, Volume(issue), page range. DOI if available. |
St. Denis, V. (2007). Aboriginal education and anti-racist education: Building alliances across cultural and racial identity. Canadian Journal of Education, 30(4), 1068-1092. https://doi.org/10.2307/20466679 |
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Author Surname, year of publication) | (Tungate, 2016) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Author Surname, year of publication, page number you took the quote from) | (Tungate, 2016, p. 6) |
| Reference list entry | Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication, Month Day if also available). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of the magazine or trade publication, Volume(issue), page range. DOI if available. | Tungate, M. (2016). Of masters and apprentices. Marketing, 121(3), 6-7. |
| If you read the article in the print copy of a newspaper | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Author Surname, year of publication) | (Thomas, 2020) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Author Surname, year of publication, section number you took the quote from) | (Thomas, 2020, A1) |
| Reference list entry | Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of newspaper, newspaper section. | Thomas, B. (2020, July 17). Pandemic could give robotics a boost as people use technology to stay distant. Calgary Herald, A1. |
| If you read the article in the online copy of a newspaper | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Author Surname, year of publication) | (Power, 2020) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Author Surname, year of publication, page/section/paragraph number you took the quote from) | (Power, 2020, para. 3) |
| Reference list entry | Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of newspaper. URL | Power, C. (2020, July 18). Short and sweet: The best short stories to read right now. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/18/short-and-sweet-the-best-stories-to-read-right-now |
| If you accessed and read the newspaper article through a Library database | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Author Surname, year of publication) | (Ueno, 2020) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Author Surname, year of publication, page/section/paragraph number you took the quote from) | (Ueno, 2020, para. 1) |
| Reference list entry | Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of newspaper. | Ueno, H. (2020, January 7). Where 6 days at 7-Eleven equals trouble. The New York Times. |
| If you read the article in an online-only news website that doesn't have a daily or weekly print newspaper (e.g., CNN, HuffPost, Vox, Bloomberg) | ||
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Author Surname, year of publication) | (Skerritt & Forte, 2020) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Author Surname, year of publication, page/section/paragraph number you took the quote from) | (Skerritt & Forte, 2020, para. 7) |
| Reference list entry | Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle. Name of news website. URL | Skerritt, J., & Forte, P. (2020, July 17). Global pasta binge during Covid boosts Canada durum-wheat demand. Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-07-17/global-pasta-binge-during-covid-boosts-canada-durum-wheat-demand?srnd=premium-canada |
The following information is for conference proceedings that appear in an academic journal. If you are citing conference proceedings that were published as a whole book or published as a book chapter, please use the specific information found here or ask your liaison librarian for help.
| Template | Example | |
| In-text citation (for a paraphrase) | (Author Surname, year of publication) | (Plotkin, 2019) |
| In-text citation (for a direct quotation) | (Author Surname, year of publication, page number you took the quote from) | (Plotkin, 2019, p.12285) |
| Reference list entry | Author Surname, First Initial. Second Initial. (Year of publication). Title of article: Subtitle. Journal Name, Volume(issue), page range. DOI if available. |
Plotkin, S. (2014). History of vaccination. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 111(34), 12283-12287. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1400472111 |
| Scenario | Solution | In-text citation example | Reference list entry example |
| Two authors |
In-text: List both authors. Reference list: List both authors. |
(Dhankher & Foyer, 2018) | Dhankher, O. P., & Foyer, C. H. (2018). Climate resilient crops for improving global food security and safety. Plant, Cell & Environment, 41(5), 877–884. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13207 |
| Three to twenty authors |
In-text: List the first author and then et al. Reference list: List all of the authors, up to and including a maximum of 20 authors. |
(Wilberforce et al., 2017) |
Wilberforce, T., El-Hassan, Z., Khatib, F. N., Al Makky, A., Baroutaji, A., Carton, J. G., & Olabi, A. G. (2017). Developments of electric cars and fuel cell hydrogen electric cars. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 42(40), 25695–25734. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2017.07.054 |
| Should I include the month and day in the date of publication? |
In-text: No, only include the year of publication. Reference list: For academic journal articles, include only the year. For all other article types, include as much information for the date as the author provides. This may be a month, a month and day, or a season in addition to a year.
|
(Dhankher & Foyer, 2018)
(Catron, 2020)
(Donovan, 2018) |
Dhankher, O. P., & Foyer, C. H. (2018). Climate resilient crops for improving global food security and safety. Plant, Cell & Environment, 41(5), 877–884. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13207
Donovan, B. (2018, Spring). 2018 Can-Am Crown. The Sled Dogger. https://go.epublish4me.com/ebook/html/10096798#page/42 |
| No volume number |
In-text: No change from standard template. Reference list: Exclude the volume number but still include the issue number in brackets as usual. |
(Dhankher & Foyer, 2018) | Dhankher, O. P., & Foyer, C. H. (2018). Climate resilient crops for improving global food security and safety. Plant, Cell & Environment, (5), 877–884. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13207 |
| No issue number |
In-text: No change from standard template. Reference list: Exclude the issue number but still include the volume number in italics as usual. |
(Dhankher & Foyer, 2018) | Dhankher, O. P., & Foyer, C. H. (2018). Climate resilient crops for improving global food security and safety. Plant, Cell & Environment, 41, 877–884. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13207 |
| No volume number or issue number |
In-text: No change from standard template. Reference list: Exclude both the issue number and volume and begin the page range immediately after the name of the publication. |
(Dhankher & Foyer, 2018) | Dhankher, O. P., & Foyer, C. H. (2018). Climate resilient crops for improving global food security and safety. Plant, Cell & Environment, 877–884. https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13207 |
| No page numbers |
In-text citation (for a paraphrase): No change from standard template. In-text (for a direct quotation): Include a heading/section name, paragraph number, or both a heading/section name and a paragraph number instead. Reference list: Include the word Article and the article number in place of the page range. If an article number or page range is not available, leave both of them out of the entry. |
Examples below are for a direct quotation: (Jerrentrup et al., 2018, Discussion section) or (Jerrentrup et al., 2018, para. 17) or (Jerrentrup et al., 2018, Discussion section, para. 17) |
Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE, 13(3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972
|
| No DOI |
In-text: No change from standard template. Reference list: *Did you find the article in a library database? If it doesn't have a DOI, don't use the URL. |
(Yousif, 2020)
(Catron, 2020)
|
Yousif, N. (2020, August). A floor for soft landings: Has enthusiasm for the Canada Emergency Response Benefit paved the way for a universal basic income? Maclean's.
|
Is your scenario not covered in this table? Try consulting the official APA Style Blog's detailed information about elements of reference list entries and missing reference information or ask your librarian for help.